grain quality Concept

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research area of

• AKIN, Beyhan, Senior Research Associate, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Ali, Jauhar, Senior Scientist II, IRRI, IRRI
• AMMAR, Karim KM, Wheat Breeder, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Demont, Matty, Senior Scientist II, IRRI, AfricaRice
• Derera, John, Head of Breeding, IITA, IITA
• Dixit, Shalabh, Scientist-Plant Breeder, IRRI, IRRI
• DREISIGACKER, Susanne, Wheat Molecular Breeding, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Duenas, Conrado, Assistant Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Evangelista, Gio Karlo, Researcher, IRRI, IRRI
• Futakuchi, Koichi, Sustainable Productivity Enhancement Program Leader- Crop Ecophy, AFRICARICE, AfricaRice
• GONZÁLEZ SANTOYO, Héctor Ignacio, Laboratory Coordinator, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• GOVAERTS, Bram, Director of the Integrated Development Program, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• HE, Xinyao, Wheat Pathology, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• HERNANDEZ ESPINOSA, Nayelli, Research Associate, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Ismail, Abdelbagi, Regional Representative, Africa, CESD, ILRI
• Kohli, Ajay, Senior Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Kumar, Arvind, Senior Scientist, IRRI, ICRISAT
• Leung, Hei, Principal Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Machida, Lewis, Associate Scientist - Machida, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, The Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT
• Mengistu, Dejene, Scientist, Crop Diversity And Participatory Crop Improvement - Mengistu, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, The Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT
• Misra, Gopal, IRRI
• Mondal, Suchismita, Wheat Breeder El Batan, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• MOTTALEb, Khondoker Abdul, Applied Socio-Economist, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Mutungi, Christopher, Postdoctoral Fellow - Food Science and Technology, IITA, IITA
• Ndindeng, Sali Atanga, Grain Quality and Postharvest Technology Scientist, AFRICARICE, AfricaRice
• Oliva, Norman, Associate Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Oweis, Theib, Consultant - Senior Researcher, ICARDA, ICARDA
• Parween, Sabiha, Consultant, GQNC, IRRI
• Quick, William Paul, Principal Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Rajaram, Sanjaya, Consultant.BIGMP, ICARDA, CIMMYT
• Reinke, Russell F, Program Lead - Healthier Rice, IRRI, IRRI
• REYNOLDS, Matthew Paul, Wheat Physiologist El Batan, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Saito, Kazuki, Rice Agronomist, AFRICARICE, AfricaRice
• SINGH, Pawan Kumar, Head, Pathology, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Singh, Sudhanshu, Senior Scientist 1, IRRI, IRRI
• Singh, Uma, CIP, CIP
• Singh, Vikas, Regional Breeding Lead & Co-Ordinator, ICRISAT, ICRISAT
• Slamet-Loedin, Inez Hortense, Scientist, IRRI, IRRI
• Sreenivasulu, Nese, Head, Applied Functional Genomics and Phenomics Cluster, Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Strategic Innovation Platform, IRRI, IRRI
• Swamy, Mallikarjuna, Senior Scientist I, IRRI, IRRI
• Traore, Karamoko, Scientific Officer, ICRISAT, AfricaRice
• Upadhyaya, HD, ICRISAT, ICRISAT
• venkateshwarlu, Challa, ICRISAT
• Verhulst, Nele, Cropping Systems Agronomist, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• XU, Yunbi, Maize Molecular Breeder - Asia, CIMMYT, CIMMYT
• Yadav, Shailesh, Rice Breeder Scientist, AFRICARICE, AfricaRice
• Ye, Guoyou, IRRI Representative to China, IRRI, IRRI
• ZHAO, Dule, Genetic diversity and improvement Program Leader and Upland Rice, AFRICARICE, AfricaRice

subject area of

• A note on the correlations between maize grain and maize stover quantitative and qualitative traits and the implications for whole maize plant optimization
• Addressing the Dilemmas of Measuring Amylose in Rice
• An assessment of irrigated rice production energy efficiency and environmental footprint with in-field and off-field rice straw management practices.
• Analysis of Grain Quality for State-registered Indica Hybrid Rice Varieties in China
• Assessment of avoidable losses and economic injury levels for the sorghum head bug, Calocoris angustatus Leth. (Hemiptera:Miridae) in India
• Association between alleles of the Waxy gene and traits of grain quality in philippine seed board rice varieties
• Balancing the double-edged sword effect of increased resistant starch content and its impact on rice texture: its genetics and molecular physiological mechanisms.
• Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field.
• Biomass accumulation and partitioning of newly developed Green Super Rice (GSR) cultivars under drought stress during the reproductive stage
• Breeding efforts to mitigate damage by heat stress to spikelet sterility and grain quality
• Breeding for Grain Quality: A Manipulation of Gene Frequency
• Breeding for resistance to Chilo partellus Swinhoe in sorghum
• Breeding rice varieties with improved grain and nutritional quality: Abstracts
• Brown Rice, a Diet Rich in Health Promoting Properties
• CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing of Rice Towards Better Grain Quality.
• Can Mediterranean durum wheat landraces contribute to improved grain quality attributes in modern cultivars
• Cereal Root Proteomics for Complementing the Mechanistic Understanding of Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
• Characterization of Fusarium head blight resistance in a CIMMYT synthetic-derived bread wheat line
• Characterization of Mechanical Texture Attributes of Cooked Milled Rice by Texture Profile Analyses and Unraveling Viscoelasticity Properties Through Rheometry
• Characterization of QTLs for Seedling Resistance to Tan Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch in the PBW343/Kenya Nyangumi Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines Population.
• Chromosomal Location of Genes for Resistance to Karnal Bunt in Wheat
• Classification and salt tolerance analysis of barley varieties
• Climate change affecting rice production: the physiological and agronomic basis for possible adaptation strategies
• Climate change impact and adaptation for wheat protein
• Climate change: implications for the yield of edible rice.
• Combined drought and heat stress impact during flowering and grain filling in contrasting rice cultivars grown under field conditions
• Combining drought and submergence tolerance in rice: marker-assisted breeding and QTL combination effects.
• Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated, flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China
• Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat
• Consumer valuation of improved rice parboiling technologies in Benin
• Designing climate-resilient rice with ideal grain quality suited for high-temperature stress
• Determination of Macronutrient and Micronutrient Content in Rice Grains Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
• Developing japonica rice introgression lines with multiple resistance genes for brown planthopper, bacterial blight, rice blast, and rice stripe virus using molecular breeding
• Development of an Aegilops longissima substitution line with improved bread-making quality
• Development of breeding lines with three pyramided resistance genes that confer broad-spectrum bacterial blight resistance and their molecular analysis in rice
• Development of introgression lines in high yielding, semi-dwarf genetic backgrounds to enable improvement of modern rice varieties for tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses free from undesirable linkage drag.
• Differences in physicochemical properties of commercial rice from urban markets in West Africa
• Diversity analysis and genome-wide association studies of grain shape and eating quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using DArT markers.
• Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) quality and yield as affected by tillage–straw management and nitrogen fertilization practice under furrow-irrigated conditions
• Economic and Academic Importance of Peanut
• Ecophysiology and Response of Plants Under High Temperature Stress
• Effect of Climate Change and Variety on Long-term Variation of Grain Yield and Quality in Winter Wheat in Kazakhstan
• Effect of egg parasitoid density on the population suppression of Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), and its resulting impact on bread wheat grain quality
• Effect of elevated CO2 and high temperature on seed-set and grain quality of rice
• Effect of host plant resistance and chemical control of the head bug, Calocoris angustatus Leth., on grain quality and seedling establishment in sorghum.
• Effect of rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) on rice yield, grain quality, and seed viability.
• Effect of saline soil on grain quality of rices differing in salinity tolerance.
• Effect of temperature during ripening on grain quality of rice
• Effects of air temperature and light on grain filling of an indica and a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) under controlled environmental conditions
• Effects of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes on grain quality traits of Korean nonglutinous rice varieties under different temperature conditions.
• Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source and season on grain quality of IR64 rice.
• Elevated CO2 and heat stress interactions affect grain yield, quality and mineral nutrient composition in rice under field conditions
• Establishment method effects on crop performance and water productivity of irrigated rice in the tropics
• Estimation of grain yield by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in durum wheat
• Exploitation of diversity within farmers' durum wheat varieties enhanced the chance of selecting productive, stable and adaptable new varieties to the local climatic conditions
• Exploration of farmers' preferences and perceptions of maize varieties: implications on development and adoption of quality protein maize (QPM) varieties in Zimbabwe
• Exploring genetic architecture of grain yield and quality traits in a 16-way indica by japonica rice MAGIC global population.
• Factors affecting head rice yield and chalkiness in indica rice
• Factors influencing hybrid rice adoption: a Bangladesh case
• Farmers' Perceptions on Rice Varieties in Sikasso Region of Mali and their Implications for Rice Breeding
• Farmers’ knowledge, use and preferences of parasitic weed management strategies in rain-fed rice production systems
• Forage Legumes for Dryland Agriculture in Central and West Asia and North Africa
• Four Decades of Breeding for Varietal Improvement of Irrigated Lowland Rice in the International Rice Research Institute
• Generation mean analysis of quantitative traits in restorer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
• Genetic Dissection of Grain Nutritional Traits and Leaf Blight Resistance in Rice
• Genetic Diversity in Properties of Starch from Zimbabwean Sorghum Landraces
• Genetic Effects of Background-Independent Loci for Grain Weight and Shape Identified using Advanced Reciprocal Introgression Lines from Lemont × Teqing in Rice
• Genetic Mapping and Validation of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the Grain Appearance and Quality Traits in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) by Using Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) Population
• Genetic Resources of Pearl Millet: Status and Utilization
• Genetic analysis of grain mold resistance in white seed sorghum genotypes
• Genetic dissection of grain yield and physical grain quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water-limited environments.
• Genetic diversity of physical, nutritional and functional properties of cowpea grain and relationships among the traits
• Genetic gains in wheat in Turkey: Winter wheat for irrigated conditions
• Genetic improvement of grain quality traits for CIMMYT semi-dwarf spring bread wheat varieties developed during 1965–2015: 50 years of breeding
• Genetic interrelations among grain quality indicators and agronomic traits for oat
• Genetic potential of quality in spring bread wheat cultivars bred at Kurgan agricultural research institute
• Genetic variation and environmental stability of grain mineral nutrient concentrations in Triticum dicoccoides under five environments
• Genetics of wheat-Pyrenophora tritici-repentis interactions
• Genome wide association study of karnal bunt resistance in a wheat germplasm collection from Afghanistan
• Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Yield and Grain Quality Traits in Winter Wheat Genotypes.
• Genome-Wide Association Study of Grain Appearance and Milling Quality in a Worldwide Collection of Indica Rice Germplasm.
• Genome-Wide Association Study of Grain Size Traits in Indica Rice Multiparent Advanced Generation Intercross (MAGIC) Population.
• Genome‐wide association coupled gene to gene interaction studies unveil novel epistatic targets among major effect loci impacting rice grain chalkiness
• Genomics of Tropical Maize, a Staple Food and Feed across the World
• Genotype x environment interaction and genetic gain for grain yield and grain quality traits in Turkish spring wheat released between 1964 and 2010.
• Genotypic and temperature effects on wheat grain yield and quality in a hot irrigated environment
• Geostatistical Analysis of Quality Protein Maize Outcrossing with Pollen from Adjacent Normal Endosperm Maize Varieties
• Grain Quality Considerations in Hybrid Rice
• Grain Quality of Emmer Wheat Derived Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats
• Grain and tortilla quality in landraces and improved maize grown in the highlands of Mexico.
• Grain quality characteristics of rice in Madagascar retail markets
• Grain quality of rices grown in irrigated and upland cultures
• Grain quality traits of commercial durum wheat varieties and their relationships with drought stress and glutenins composition
• Grain yield and quality responses of tropical hybrid rice to high night-time temperature
• Growth and yield response of field-grown tropical rice to increasing carbon dioxide and air temperature
• Growth, productivity and grain quality of AG1 and AG2 QTLs introgression lines under flooding in direct-seeded rice system
• Haplotype analysis of key genes governing grain yield and quality traits across 3K RG panel reveals scope for the development of tailor-made rice with enhanced genetic gains.
• Heat and Drought Stress Impact on Phenology, Grain Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)
• Heterotic affinity and combining ability of exotic maize inbred lines for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation
• High night temperature induces contrasting responses for spikelet fertility, spikelet tissue temperature, flowering characteristics and grain quality in rice
• Historical changes in grain yield and quality of spring wheat varieties cultivated in Siberia from 1900 to 2010
• Hybrid wheat: past, present and future.
• Identification and utilization of resistance to sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillet), in India
• Identification of a new resistance gene Pi - Da(t) from Dacca6 against rice blast fungus ( Magnaporthe oryzae ) in Jin23B background
• Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with maintenance of wheat (Triticum aestivum Desf.) quality characteristics under heat stress conditions
• Important Sensory Properties Differentiating Premium Rice Varieties
• Improvement of the Nutritional Quality of Sorghum and Pearl Millet
• Improvement of two traditional Basmati rice varieties for bacterial blight resistance and plant stature through morphological and marker-assisted selection
• Improving Head Rice Yield and Milling Quality: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.
• Improving Rice Grain Quality: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.
• Improving drought tolerance in rice: Ensuring food security through multi-dimensional approaches.
• Induced mutants in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and their potential use in nutrition quality breeding and gene discovery
• Influence of cultivar and environment on quality of Latin American wheats
• Influence of genotype and environmental adaptation into the maize grain quality traits for nixtamalization
• Integration of environmental, agronomic, and economic aspects of fertilizer management
• International collaboration to improve wheat quality for processing and health
• Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization as a source of variation for wheat grain quality improvement.
• Large-scale production and evaluation of marker-free indica rice IR64 expressing phytoferritin genes.
• Legume genetic resources: management, diversity assessment, and utilization in crop improvement
• Local climate affects growth, yield and grain quality of aromatic and non-aromatic rice in northwestern India
• Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality
• Malting Barley Grain Quality and Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilization in the Arsi Highlands of Ethiopia
• Management alternatives for improved durum wheat production under supplemental irrigation in Syria
• Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Using a Doubled-Haploid Population from the Cross of Indica and Japonica Cultivars of Rice
• Marker Assisted Forward Breeding to Combine Multiple Biotic-Abiotic Stress Resistance/Tolerance in Rice.
• Marker-Trait Associations for Enhancing Agronomic Performance, Disease Resistance, and Grain Quality in Synthetic and Bread Wheat Accessions in Western Siberia.
• Metabolic responses of rice cultivars with different tolerance to combined drought and heat stress under field conditions
• Milling, processing and end-use quality traits of CIMMYT spring bread wheat germplasm under drought and heat stress
• Modeling rice grain-type preferences in Bangladesh.
• Modern varieties- their real contribution to food supply and equity
• Molecular characterization and agronomic performance of DH lines from the F1 of indica and japonica cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
• Molecular marker-assisted pyramiding of broad-spectrum disease resistance genes, Pi2 and Xa23, into GZ63-4S, an elite thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile line in rice
• Molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in rice
• Multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) populations in rice: progress and potential for genetics research and breeding
• Multi-platform metabolomics analyses of a broad collection of fragrant and non-fragrant rice varieties reveals the high complexity of grain quality characteristics
• Mycotoxin concentrations in rice from three climatic locations in Africa as affected by grain quality, production site, and storage duration
• Natural Variation in OsLG3 Increases Drought Tolerance in Rice by Inducing ROS Scavenging
• Network for integrated research to improve durum wheat productivity in the Mediterranean region
• New Candidate Genes Affecting Rice Grain Appearance and Milling Quality Detected by Genome-Wide and Gene-Based Association Analyses.
• Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Effects on Maize Grain Quality in the West African Moist Savanna
• Nitrogen fertilizer placement and timing affects bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum) quality and yield in an irrigated bed planting system
• Not just a grain of rice: the quest for quality
• Novel Imaging Techniques to Analyze Panicle Architecture.
• Novel, economically important semi-dwarf and early mutants: Selection and development from Improved White Ponni Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
• Opportunities for nutritionally enhanced maize and wheat varieties to combat protein and micronutrient malnutrition.
• Parallel and interlaced recurrent selection (PAIRS): demonstration of the feasibility of implementing PAIRS to improve complete and partial resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) and some other main traits in rice.
• Participatory variety development for sorghum in Burkina Faso: Farmers' selection and farmers' criteria
• Physical quality of maize grain harvested and stored by smallholder farmers in the Northern highlands of Tanzania: Effects of harvesting and pre-storage handling practices in two marginally contrasting agro-locations
• Physical rice grain quality as affected by biophysical factors and pre-harvest practices
• Physical, cooking and thermal properties of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and its starch digestibility in vitro
• Physicochemical Properties of Starch of Intermediate‐Amylose and Waxy Rices Differing in Grain Quality
• Physiological and biochemical characterization of NERICA‐L‐44: a novel source of heat tolerance at the vegetative and reproductive stages in rice
• Plant Abiotic Stress: Temperature Extremes
• Planting Systems on Lodging Behavior, Yield Components, and Yield of Irrigated Spring Bread Wheat
• Policy Sequencing and the Development of Rice Value Chains in Senegal
• Post-flowering night respiration and altered sink activity account for high night temperature-induced grain yield and quality loss in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
• Preliminary characterization for grain quality traits and high and low molecular weight glutenins subunits composition of durum wheat landraces from Iran and Mexico
• Processing and grain quality to meet market demands.
• Productivity and preference of salt tolerant Boro rice varieties in saline non-gher and gher ecosystems
• Productivity of sodic soils can be enhanced through the use of salt tolerant rice varieties and proper agronomic practices.
• Prospects of breeding high-quality rice using post-genomic tools
• QTL Analysis for Grain Iron and Zinc Concentrations in Two O. nivara Derived Backcross Populations
• QTL Analysis for Grain Quality Traits in 2 BC2F2 Populations Derived from Crosses between Oryza sativa cv Swarna and 2 Accessions of O. nivara
• QTL mapping for some grain traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
• QTL mining for sheath blight resistance using the backcross selected introgression lines for grain quality in rice.
• Quality (End-Use) Improvement in Wheat: Compositional, Genetic, and Environmental Factors
• Quality evaluation, fatty acid analysis and untargeted profiling of volatiles in Cambodian rice
• Quantifying source-sink relationships of rice under high night-time temperature combined with two nitrogen levels
• Quantitative and quality losses caused by rodents in on-farm stored maize: a case study in the low land tropical zone of Kenya
• Quantitative inheritance of resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in durum wheat in Tunisia
• Recent efforts in developing high-yield, drought-tolerant rice varieties
• Registration of TIL:455, TIL:514, and TIL:642, Three Rice Germplasm Lines Containing Introgressed Sheath Blight Resistance Alleles
• Release of three grain sorghum pure line varieties in Botswana
• Resistance in maize hybrids and inbreds to first-generation southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar) and sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius
• Responses of SUB1 rice introgression lines to submergence in the field: yield and grain quality
• Rice Grain Quality and Consumer Preferences: A Case Study of Two Rural Towns in the Philippines.
• Rice Starch Properties and Grain Quality
• Rice breeding: past, present and future
• Rice consumption and grain-type preference by household: A Bangladesh case
• Rice grain quality: A comparison of imported varieties, local varieties with new varieties adopted in Benin
• Rice improvement at IRRI: An example of International Collaboration.
• Rice quality: How is it defined by consumers, industry, food scientists, and geneticists?
• Rice responses to rising temperatures – challenges, perspectives and future directions
• Rice spikelet rot disease in China – 1. Characterization of fungi associated with the disease
• Rice tungro spherical virus resistance into photoperiod-insensitive japonica rice by marker-assisted selection.
• Salinity effect on grain quality of two durum wheat varieties differing in salt tolerance
• Simple sequence repeat markers reveal multiple loci governing grain-size variations in a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant induced by cosmic radiation during space flight
• Source–sink dynamics and proteomic reprogramming under elevated night temperature and their impact on rice yield and grain quality
• Staying Alive or Going to Die During Terminal Senescence-An Enigma Surrounding Yield Stability.
• Submergence Tolerant Rice: SUB1's Journey from Landrace to Modern Cultivar
• Suitability of Chinese wheat cultivars for production of northern style Chinese steamed bread
• Synthetic Hexaploids: Harnessing Species of the Primary Gene Pool for Wheat Improvement
• Systems Genetics Identifies a Novel Regulatory Domain of Amylose Synthesis.
• The QTL controlling amino acid content in grains of rice ( Oryza sativa ) are co-localized with the regions involved in the amino acid metabolism pathway
• The Usefulness of Known Genes/Qtls for Grain Quality Traits in an Indica Population of Diverse Breeding Lines Tested using Association Analysis
• The acceptance of zinc biofortified rice in Latin America: A consumer sensory study and grain quality characterization.
• The diffusion of genetic materials and the objectives for their use among rice breeding programs in India
• The effect of indirect tests for grain quality on the grain yield and industrial quality of bread wheat
• The effect of timing of fungicide applications on control of frogeye leaf spot and grain yield of soybeans
• The need for new tools and investment to improve the accuracy of selecting for grain quality in rice
• Triticum dicoccoides: An important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat
• Use of Lineage Exclusion in a Multi-Objective Rice Breeding Program
• Using computer simulation of the selection process and known gene information to assist in parental selection in wheat quality breeding
• Variability among Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes grown under different climatic conditions of Tigray for some agronomic and grain-quality traits
• Variation in Agronomic, Rust Reaction and Grain Quality Characteristics in a Collection of Winter and Facultative Wheat Varieties
• Variations in agronomic and grain quality traits of rice grown under irrigated lowland conditions in West Africa.
• White Wheat Grain Quality Changes with Genotype, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Water Stress
• Will promotion of coarse grain processing turn the tide for traditional cereals in the Sahel? Recent empirical evidence from Mali
• Winter wheat quantity or quality? Assessing food security in Uzbekistan
• Yield effects of rust-resistant wheat varieties in Ethiopia